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| Dugong feeding trails at Chek Jawa, Mar 2024 |
NUS study calls for reduced boat speeds, limited entry near Singapore marine mammal hot spots
Ang Qing Straits Times Jan 19, 2026, 05:00 AM
SINGAPORE – Scientists from the National University of Singapore (NUS) are calling for the increased protection status of marine mammals, as well as reduced vessel speed limits and restricted entry in certain coastal areas to raise the chances of their survival.
Gentle giants like the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and the dugong have endured in the Republic’s territorial waters, despite large-scale land reclamation since the 1800s and the country’s status as a major international shipping hub.
Marine mammals are a strong indicator of the health of ocean habitats, as they are sustained by large amounts of food and tend to have long lifespans.
The NUS study, published in interdisciplinary journal Ocean and Coastal Management in December, is thought to be the first comprehensive baseline for marine mammals in Singapore.
It compiled verified sightings spanning from 1820 to 2024 to identify the animals’ dynamics and hot spots, and found that the areas near the Sungei Johor Estuary, the Southern Islands and the Western Islands were hot spots for Singapore’s marine mammals.
To protect these habitats, the scientists recommended lowering vessel speed limits to 10 knots – which would effectively reduce the lethality of boat strikes to whales and dugongs – or restricting entry altogether.
The need for protection is urgent, as marine mammals in Singapore’s waters appear to be constrained to discrete but patchy areas amid declining resources.
The researchers found that pod sizes of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin have declined – most evidently over the past two or three decades.
“Before this review, there wasn’t a consolidated database for marine mammal occurrences,” said the study’s lead author Sirius Ng, an NUS doctoral candidate studying dugongs. “Most records that we have uncovered tend to be incidental observations by citizen scientists or research groups conducting fieldwork for other studies.”
It took a year to comb through a myriad of sources, which included a 19th-century museum record of a dugong collected by Sir Stamford Raffles, newspaper microfilms archived in the National Library and posts in Facebook groups.
The process occasionally involved forensic-level scrutiny, as the team had to painstakingly identify species from decomposed remains.
“Sometimes it’s a tail or half a body,” said Mr Ng. “There was a record one or two years ago within the Southern Islands... it was just the lower half of the body, but we could identify it as a dugong because of its distinct shape.”
Out of close to 300 reports, the team validated 124 records, confirming the presence of seven marine mammal species in Singapore.
The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin was the most common species, accounting for more than half of the verified records.
Both the species and the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin were frequently spotted off the Southern Islands. There were two accounts of both species swimming in the same pod together.
Surprisingly, dolphins were found to frequent urbanised areas rather than natural spaces.
Mr Ng said: “It could be that although our environment is becoming more urbanised, these organisms just keep returning to the same localities that have changed over time.”
Another hypothesis is that the dolphins have become habituated to Singapore’s urbanised coastline, he added, citing how dolphins in other countries have adapted to harnessing the urban environment, such as by feeding off fishing trawlers.
The second-most common marine mammal species detected was the elusive dugong, which is difficult to spot due to its shy nature and the murky coastal waters of Singapore.
“We have records of them, but much of their movements remains a mystery,” said Mr Ng. “They are hardly seen alive in the wild, except for low-clarity photographs taken... in the 2000s.”
A combination of live records, evidence of feeding trails and carcasses suggest that dugongs have inhabited the Sungei Johor Estuary since the 1820s.
This is despite these coastal spaces off Pulau Ubin, Pasir Ris and Changi being high-risk areas directly adjacent to international shipping lanes.
The researchers theorised that dugong mothers pass down knowledge of these movement corridors and seagrass patches to their calves, and that these busy zones could also harbour some areas of refuge.
Given the small populations of the marine mammals, the scientists recommended that conservation protection cover their hot spots in the Sungei Johor Estuary, the Southern Islands and the Western Islands.
Calls for protection of these areas were similarly made in the Singapore Blue Plan 2018, which had been submitted to the Government for consideration, they noted.
The proposal for conservation of marine ecosystems here was prepared by marine biologists, academics, volunteers and other stakeholders interested in the marine environment.
In the coming years, Singapore plans to reclaim some 1,000ha of land in the eastern end of the mainland near the Sungei Johor Estuary.
“The biggest gap of protection for marine mammals currently stems from a lack of knowledge on their ecology in the local context,” said Mr Ng. “We hope that the findings will help Singapore balance urbanisation and the preservation of natural habitats.”
Dr Karenne Tun, the National Parks Board’s (NParks) group director for the National Biodiversity Centre, said the paper would be studied carefully to enhance the statutory board’s marine conservation and management strategy launched in 2015.
“The Marine Conservation Action Plan... emphasises the protection of critical habitats, sustainable management of marine resources, and the integration of conservation considerations into coastal development planning,” she said. She cited the designation of Singapore’s first marine park at Sisters’ Islands and the announcement of the
Lazarus South-Kusu Reefs Marine Park as examples of NParks’ approach of protecting marine areas that benefit multiple species.
High levels of dolphin vocalisations detected off Sisters’ Islands and Kusu Island in the southern waters of Singapore played a key factor in safeguarding the location for the second marine park, she said. NParks supports further investigation into key stages of marine mammal life, as proposed by the scientists, and will continue to study acoustic data of Singapore’s marine megafauna collected by another NUS project, she added.
Members of the public can aid the effort to study Singapore’s marine mammals by submitting their findings to NUS database Mega Marine Life in Singapore at this website (https://nus.syd1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9t6pDiphobpUAJg)
Saving gentle giants: 7 species of marine mammals spotted in Singapore
Ang Qing Straits Times Jan 19, 2026, 05:00 AM
SINGAPORE – Spanning records from 1820 to 2024, a new study has revealed the clearest history yet of Singapore’s marine mammals.
The Straits Times highlights seven species that have surfaced in the Republic’s waters and how scientists say they should be protected.
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis)
The most common marine mammal spotted here.
The species is seen primarily near the Southern Islands.
Local records indicate that the carnivore travels in an average group size of less than three in Singapore’s waters.
It appears to have adapted to human activity here. Its numbers have declined over the past two or three decades.
Dugong (Dugong dugon)
The sea cow, so named for its diet of seagrass, is the second-most commonly recorded marine mammal here, where it is typically found as carcasses.
It is rarely seen alive, most likely because of its shy nature and greyish-brown colouration, which blends into Singapore’s murky coastal waters.
It routinely returns to historical refuges in Sungei Johor Estuary, leaving trails in seagrass meadows as it feeds. It is often found alone.
The only recorded occurrence of a pair was a mother and its calf off Pulau Ubin in 1998.
As the mother had drowned from being entangled in a fishing net, the calf, named Gracie, was rescued and rehabilitated at Underwater World Singapore.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)
The third-most commonly seen marine mammal here is typically found in cleaner waters of the Singapore Strait near the Southern Islands.
Among the most common species, it has the highest average group size, at more than seven dolphins.
Its numbers have dropped significantly over the past two or three decades.
Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
There are only two records here of the deep-diving species, which is rarely found in shallow waters.
Its nutrient-rich waste feeds phytoplankton, which absorb planet-warming carbon dioxide.
The species can grow up to 18m long.
It does not have an established population here. A female adult whale was found dead off Jurong Island in 2015.
False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens)
The dolphin has been spotted twice in Singapore’s waters. It is highly sociable and can form pods of up to 500, incorporating other dolphin species.
The carnivore has been known to eat other dolphins, although it usually eats squid and fish.
In 1994, a 3.75m-long female died off Tuas, after it failed to find its way out of a bay there after a week.
Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
This porpoise first surfaced here in 1996, when a carcass was found in Pasir Ris Park.
The carnivore does not leap out of water like dolphins do, making it difficult to spot in the wild. It frequents shallow water along mangrove-lined shores.
Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)
The dolphin has been found here only once, in 2014, when its skeletal remains were found partially buried in the sand on a beach at East Coast Park.
The dolphin eats predominantly fish, spitting water while feeding to help capture them.
It tends to swim in small groups of up to six.
Threats to Singapore’s marine mammals
- Habitat degradation and loss due to coastal development
- Noise pollution
- Vessel strikes due to busy territorial waters
- Highly variable water quality and harmful algae blooms, which most likely result in unstable food supply
- Entanglement in fishing gear
Hot spots
- Sungei Johor area (Changi, Pulau Ubin and Pasir Ris)
- Southern Islands (Kusu Island, Sisters’ Islands and St John’s Island Complex)
- Western Islands (Pulau Hantu, Pulau Semakau and reefs in the vicinity)
Recommendations for conservation
- Protection of marine mammal hot spots as nature reserves or marine parks
- Speed limit of 10 knots at hot spots
- Understanding foraging and reproduction activities (for example, mating, birthing and caring for young) at hot spots and their seasonality
Sources: Ng et al, Thai National Parks, National Parks Board, National University of Singapore, International Whaling Commission
